Norwegian Last Names

Five real Norwegian last names per press from Norway's official count, each with its rank and number of people.

MeyerRank 230 in Norway: 1,876 people.
SyversenRank 176 in Norway: 2,304 people.
KristiansenRank 8 in Norway: 21,809 people. A -sen name: son of Kristian.
HelgesenRank 117 in Norway: 3,314 people.
MadsenRank 101 in Norway: 3,746 people. A -sen name: son of Mads.

Next step Give this character a job Draw a personality for a character

How it works

These Norwegian last names are the 300 most used in Norway in 2025, from Statistics Norway's table of last names, each with its rank and count. Hansen leads, with 47,879 people.

Read the full guide

Norwegian last names and their meanings

97 cards add a meaning to the rank and count: the father's name behind a -sen name, as Hansen is the son of Hans, or the landscape word behind a farm name, as Bakken comes from bakke, a hill or slope.

Sort by place or by kind

The dropdown, Place in the count, keeps the top 10, ranks 11 to 100 or ranks 101 to 300. Under More filters, Kind keeps the 66 -sen names and the 30 farm names a source marks; the other cards carry no kind. The table counts everyone registered in Norway, so Ali and Nguyen stand beside Hansen.

Tips

Spellings are counted apart: Hansen and Hanssen each have their own rank, and so do Ødegård and Ødegaard.

Questions and answers

What are the most common Norwegian last names?

Hansen, Johansen, Olsen, Larsen and Andersen lead Statistics Norway's table for 2025. The first thirteen are all -sen names; Berg, at rank 14, is the first farm name.

Why do so many Norwegian last names end in -sen?

They began as patronymics: Hansen was the son of Hans, and the next generation took a new name. In 1923 Norway's parliament passed a family name act, so that last names would no longer change with every generation.

What is a Norwegian farm name?

A last name taken from the farm a family lived on. Farms were named for the land around them: Berg is a mountain or hill, Dahl a valley, Vik a bay or inlet and Lie the side of a valley.

Where are the names that start with Ø?

Under 0 to 9, the last choice of Starts with under More filters. The tool cannot file Ø under O, so Ødegård, Ødegaard, Øien, Østby and Øverland stand there.

All 300 last names

The 10 most common 10

Andersen Rank 5 in Norway: 34,382 people. A -sen name: son of Anders.
Hansen Rank 1 in Norway: 47,879 people. A -sen name: son of Hans.
Jensen Rank 9 in Norway: 21,253 people. A -sen name: son of Jens.
Johansen Rank 2 in Norway: 45,604 people. A -sen name: son of Johan.
Karlsen Rank 10 in Norway: 19,636 people. A -sen name: son of Karl.
Kristiansen Rank 8 in Norway: 21,809 people. A -sen name: son of Kristian.
Larsen Rank 4 in Norway: 34,833 people. A -sen name: son of Lars.
Nilsen Rank 7 in Norway: 31,657 people. A -sen name: son of Nils.
Olsen Rank 3 in Norway: 44,682 people. A -sen name: son of Ole, Ola or Olav.
Pedersen Rank 6 in Norway: 32,685 people. A -sen name: son of Peder.

Ranks 11 to 100 90

Aas Rank 65 in Norway: 5,624 people.
Aasen Rank 85 in Norway: 4,388 people.
Abrahamsen Rank 100 in Norway: 3,792 people. A -sen name: son of Abraham.
Ahmed Rank 55 in Norway: 6,314 people.
Ali Rank 37 in Norway: 7,791 people.
Amundsen Rank 43 in Norway: 7,007 people. A -sen name: son of Amund.
Andreassen Rank 18 in Norway: 11,382 people. A -sen name: son of Andreas.
Andresen Rank 58 in Norway: 5,924 people. A -sen name: son of Andres.
Antonsen Rank 77 in Norway: 4,883 people. A -sen name: son of Anton.
Arnesen Rank 76 in Norway: 4,928 people. A -sen name: son of Arne.
Aune Rank 95 in Norway: 4,140 people.
Bakke Rank 49 in Norway: 6,653 people. A farm name: hill or rise.
Bakken Rank 39 in Norway: 7,481 people. A farm name. Topographic surname, from bakke (“hill, slope”).
Berg Rank 14 in Norway: 17,344 people. A farm name: mountain or hill.
Berge Rank 45 in Norway: 6,863 people. A farm name: mountain or hill.
Berntsen Rank 71 in Norway: 5,242 people. A -sen name: son of Bernt.
Birkeland Rank 80 in Norway: 4,717 people. From Old Norse birkja (“birch”) + land.
Brekke Rank 98 in Norway: 3,935 people. A farm name. Norwegian surname, from several farms of the same name, from Old Norse brekka (“slope, descent”).
Bøe Rank 93 in Norway: 4,149 people. A farm name.
Christensen Rank 57 in Norway: 6,105 people. A -sen name: son of Christen.
Dahl Rank 20 in Norway: 11,177 people. A farm name. From dal (“valley”).
Danielsen Rank 70 in Norway: 5,357 people. A -sen name: son of Daniel.
Ødegård Rank 91 in Norway: 4,230 people.
Edvardsen Rank 81 in Norway: 4,663 people. A -sen name: son of Edvard.
Eide Rank 33 in Norway: 8,457 people.
Eliassen Rank 94 in Norway: 4,141 people. A -sen name: son of Elias.
Ellingsen Rank 79 in Norway: 4,751 people. A -sen name: son of Elling.
Eriksen Rank 13 in Norway: 18,162 people. A -sen name: son of Erik.
Evensen Rank 61 in Norway: 5,759 people. A -sen name: son of Even.
Fredriksen Rank 52 in Norway: 6,466 people. A -sen name: son of Fredrik.
Gulbrandsen Rank 87 in Norway: 4,320 people.
Gundersen Rank 29 in Norway: 9,630 people. A -sen name: son of Gunder.
Hagen Rank 16 in Norway: 13,418 people. A farm name.
Halvorsen Rank 24 in Norway: 10,578 people. A -sen name: son of Halvor.
Hanssen Rank 68 in Norway: 5,434 people. A -sen name: son of Hans.
Haug Rank 78 in Norway: 4,859 people.
Hauge Rank 56 in Norway: 6,210 people.
Haugen Rank 15 in Norway: 13,746 people. A farm name: hill or mound.
Haugland Rank 62 in Norway: 5,721 people. A farm name. Named after several farmsteads derived from Old Norse haugr (“hill mound”) + land.
Helland Rank 89 in Norway: 4,295 people.
Henriksen Rank 23 in Norway: 10,656 people. A -sen name: son of Henrik.
Holm Rank 53 in Norway: 6,422 people. A farm name. From holm, archaic form of holme (“small island”).
Isaksen Rank 82 in Norway: 4,654 people. A -sen name: son of Isak.
Iversen Rank 30 in Norway: 9,588 people. A -sen name: son of Iver.
Jacobsen Rank 19 in Norway: 11,354 people. A -sen name: son of Jacob.
Jakobsen Rank 25 in Norway: 10,196 people. A -sen name: son of Jakob.
Jenssen Rank 96 in Norway: 4,033 people. A -sen name: son of Jens.
Johannessen Rank 17 in Norway: 12,270 people. A -sen name: son of Johannes.
Johnsen Rank 11 in Norway: 19,219 people. A -sen name: son of John.
Jørgensen Rank 22 in Norway: 10,745 people. A -sen name: son of Jørgen.
Knudsen Rank 60 in Norway: 5,799 people. A -sen name: son of Knut.
Knutsen Rank 34 in Norway: 8,088 people. A -sen name: son of Knut.
Kristensen Rank 51 in Norway: 6,564 people. A -sen name: son of Kristen.
Kristoffersen Rank 40 in Norway: 7,427 people. A -sen name: son of Kristoffer.
Lie Rank 41 in Norway: 7,267 people. A farm name: side of a valley.
Lien Rank 54 in Norway: 6,356 people.
Lund Rank 21 in Norway: 10,850 people. A farm name: a grove.
Lunde Rank 47 in Norway: 6,793 people.
Martinsen Rank 35 in Norway: 8,087 people. A -sen name: son of Martin.
Mathisen Rank 42 in Norway: 7,142 people. A -sen name: son of Mathis.
Mikkelsen Rank 92 in Norway: 4,170 people. A -sen name: son of Mikkel.
Moe Rank 50 in Norway: 6,633 people.
Moen Rank 27 in Norway: 9,910 people. A farm name. From the definite singular of mo (“flat, especially dry and sandy plain; flat woodland”), literally “the moor” or “the plain”.
Mohamed Rank 99 in Norway: 3,885 people.
Myhre Rank 63 in Norway: 5,691 people.
Myklebust Rank 86 in Norway: 4,343 people.
Nguyen Rank 38 in Norway: 7,581 people.
Nielsen Rank 59 in Norway: 5,899 people. A -sen name: son of Niels.
Nygård Rank 48 in Norway: 6,659 people. A farm name.
Næss Rank 74 in Norway: 4,958 people. A farm name.
Paulsen Rank 36 in Norway: 7,899 people. A -sen name: son of Paul.
Pettersen Rank 12 in Norway: 18,511 people. A -sen name: son of Petter.
Rasmussen Rank 44 in Norway: 6,878 people. A -sen name: son of Rasmus.
Ruud Rank 84 in Norway: 4,462 people. From Old Norse ruð, rjóðr, ryðja (“clearing”).
Rønning Rank 73 in Norway: 5,088 people.
Sandvik Rank 72 in Norway: 5,236 people. From sand (“sand”) + vik (“bay”).
Simonsen Rank 67 in Norway: 5,459 people. A -sen name: son of Simon.
Sivertsen Rank 69 in Norway: 5,415 people. A -sen name: son of Sivert.
Solberg Rank 31 in Norway: 9,548 people.
Solheim Rank 46 in Norway: 6,863 people.
Strand Rank 28 in Norway: 9,653 people.
Strøm Rank 88 in Norway: 4,302 people.
Svendsen Rank 32 in Norway: 9,223 people. A -sen name: son of Svend.
Sæther Rank 64 in Norway: 5,676 people. A farm name. A common name for a farm in Norway, from Old Norse setr (“seat, mountain pastures”).
Sørensen Rank 26 in Norway: 10,085 people. A -sen name: son of Søren.
Tangen Rank 90 in Norway: 4,283 people.
Thomassen Rank 66 in Norway: 5,535 people. A -sen name: son of Thomas.
Thorsen Rank 83 in Norway: 4,646 people. A -sen name: son of Thor.
Tveit Rank 97 in Norway: 4,002 people.
Vik Rank 75 in Norway: 4,955 people. A farm name: bay or inlet.

Ranks 101 to 300 200

Aamodt Rank 220 in Norway: 1,945 people. A farm name. A topographic surname from åmot (“confluence of two rivers”).
Aase Rank 158 in Norway: 2,499 people.
Aasheim Rank 269 in Norway: 1,607 people.
Abdi Rank 186 in Norway: 2,190 people.
Ahmad Rank 172 in Norway: 2,346 people.
Andersson Rank 156 in Norway: 2,538 people. From Swedish Andersson: son of Anders.
Arntsen Rank 226 in Norway: 1,907 people.
Arntzen Rank 218 in Norway: 1,978 people.
Bendiksen Rank 287 in Norway: 1,509 people.
Berger Rank 188 in Norway: 2,184 people.
Bergersen Rank 285 in Norway: 1,517 people.
Berget Rank 234 in Norway: 1,854 people.
Bjelland Rank 247 in Norway: 1,749 people.
Bjerke Rank 105 in Norway: 3,566 people.
Bjørnstad Rank 132 in Norway: 3,035 people.
Bolstad Rank 272 in Norway: 1,591 people.
Borge Rank 193 in Norway: 2,145 people.
Borgen Rank 210 in Norway: 2,018 people.
Bråten Rank 143 in Norway: 2,708 people.
Bråthen Rank 123 in Norway: 3,190 people.
Breivik Rank 153 in Norway: 2,574 people. A farm name.
Brevik Rank 260 in Norway: 1,646 people.
Bye Rank 167 in Norway: 2,387 people.
Bø Rank 163 in Norway: 2,457 people. A farm name. As a place name, from the common noun bø (“farm; enclosed farmland, infield”), inherited from Old Norse bǿr (“farm, farmstead”).
Børresen Rank 245 in Norway: 1,772 people.
Carlsen Rank 144 in Norway: 2,680 people. A -sen name: son of Carl.
Christiansen Rank 104 in Norway: 3,582 people. A -sen name: son of Christian.
Dahle Rank 121 in Norway: 3,229 people.
Dale Rank 115 in Norway: 3,324 people. A farm name. From Old Norse Dali, dative singular of Dalr, from dalr (“valley”).
Dalen Rank 164 in Norway: 2,449 people.
Davidsen Rank 240 in Norway: 1,803 people. A -sen name: son of David.
Ødegaard Rank 171 in Norway: 2,347 people.
Egeland Rank 155 in Norway: 2,548 people.
Eggen Rank 239 in Norway: 1,806 people.
Eikeland Rank 181 in Norway: 2,258 people.
Eilertsen Rank 124 in Norway: 3,151 people.
Ellefsen Rank 243 in Norway: 1,781 people.
Endresen Rank 290 in Norway: 1,503 people.
Engebretsen Rank 148 in Norway: 2,626 people.
Engen Rank 102 in Norway: 3,707 people.
Enger Rank 197 in Norway: 2,116 people.
Espeland Rank 253 in Norway: 1,707 people.
Farstad Rank 273 in Norway: 1,583 people.
Finstad Rank 248 in Norway: 1,732 people.
Fjeld Rank 160 in Norway: 2,465 people.
Fjeldstad Rank 249 in Norway: 1,721 people.
Foss Rank 128 in Norway: 3,097 people.
Fosse Rank 185 in Norway: 2,202 people.
Fossum Rank 146 in Norway: 2,639 people.
Frantzen Rank 293 in Norway: 1,496 people.
Gabrielsen Rank 133 in Norway: 3,035 people.
Gjerde Rank 112 in Norway: 3,391 people. From Old Norse gerði (“pasture, enclosed land”).
Gjertsen Rank 270 in Norway: 1,603 people.
Gran Rank 241 in Norway: 1,795 people.
Grande Rank 267 in Norway: 1,624 people.
Grimstad Rank 279 in Norway: 1,550 people.
Gulliksen Rank 291 in Norway: 1,503 people.
Gustavsen Rank 137 in Norway: 2,817 people.
Haaland Rank 173 in Norway: 2,324 people. A farm name. From the farm name Håland.
Haga Rank 170 in Norway: 2,351 people.
Håland Rank 126 in Norway: 3,112 people. A farm name. From Old Norse Háland, Hávaland, from hár (“high”) + land (“land”).
Hammer Rank 130 in Norway: 3,054 people.
Hamre Rank 183 in Norway: 2,216 people.
Hassan Rank 107 in Norway: 3,495 people.
Haugan Rank 209 in Norway: 2,022 people. A farm name: hill or mound.
Helgesen Rank 117 in Norway: 3,314 people.
Helle Rank 205 in Norway: 2,059 people.
Hermansen Rank 114 in Norway: 3,355 people. A -sen name: son of Herman.
Hetland Rank 232 in Norway: 1,863 people.
Hoel Rank 138 in Norway: 2,814 people.
Hoff Rank 136 in Norway: 2,818 people.
Hole Rank 221 in Norway: 1,940 people. A farm name. Old Norse Hólar, plural of hóll (“round, isolated hill; mound”).
Holen Rank 194 in Norway: 2,143 people.
Holmen Rank 140 in Norway: 2,746 people.
Holt Rank 282 in Norway: 1,547 people. English, Dutch, north German, Norwegian and Danish surname, all from the noun holt (“copse, woodland”).
Holte Rank 263 in Norway: 1,633 people.
Hovland Rank 108 in Norway: 3,470 people.
Husby Rank 235 in Norway: 1,850 people.
Hussain Rank 211 in Norway: 2,017 people.
Hussein Rank 199 in Norway: 2,112 people.
Ibrahim Rank 142 in Norway: 2,737 people.
Øien Rank 190 in Norway: 2,179 people.
Ingebrigtsen Rank 139 in Norway: 2,790 people.
Jansen Rank 131 in Norway: 3,038 people.
Johannesen Rank 179 in Norway: 2,270 people. A -sen name: son of Johannes.
Johansson Rank 159 in Norway: 2,487 people.
Jonassen Rank 169 in Norway: 2,357 people. A -sen name: son of Jonas.
Khan Rank 106 in Norway: 3,505 people.
Klausen Rank 276 in Norway: 1,560 people. A -sen name: son of Klaus.
Kleppe Rank 229 in Norway: 1,878 people.
Kleven Rank 217 in Norway: 1,986 people.
Kolstad Rank 191 in Norway: 2,155 people.
Krogh Rank 278 in Norway: 1,557 people.
Krogstad Rank 265 in Norway: 1,632 people.
Kvam Rank 198 in Norway: 2,114 people.
Kvamme Rank 196 in Norway: 2,119 people.
Langeland Rank 189 in Norway: 2,184 people.
Larssen Rank 283 in Norway: 1,534 people.
Larsson Rank 275 in Norway: 1,575 people.
Lauritzen Rank 280 in Norway: 1,548 people.
Le Rank 215 in Norway: 1,999 people.
Lervik Rank 298 in Norway: 1,461 people.
Lian Rank 208 in Norway: 2,033 people. A farm name. As a Norwegian surname, from several farmsteads with the name Li, from Old Norse hlíð (“hillside”).
Lind Rank 202 in Norway: 2,098 people.
Lindberg Rank 255 in Norway: 1,687 people.
Lorentzen Rank 134 in Norway: 2,861 people.
Ludvigsen Rank 145 in Norway: 2,644 people.
Løken Rank 174 in Norway: 2,306 people.
Løkken Rank 216 in Norway: 1,991 people.
Madsen Rank 101 in Norway: 3,746 people. A -sen name: son of Mads.
Magnussen Rank 116 in Norway: 3,318 people. A -sen name: son of Magnus.
Markussen Rank 223 in Norway: 1,926 people.
Marthinsen Rank 259 in Norway: 1,647 people.
Meland Rank 251 in Norway: 1,713 people.
Meyer Rank 230 in Norway: 1,876 people.
Mikalsen Rank 111 in Norway: 3,399 people.
Mo Rank 268 in Norway: 1,613 people.
Mohammed Rank 168 in Norway: 2,384 people.
Monsen Rank 152 in Norway: 2,584 people. A -sen name: son of Mons.
Mortensen Rank 110 in Norway: 3,423 people. A -sen name: son of Morten.
Myrvang Rank 228 in Norway: 1,882 people.
Myrvold Rank 288 in Norway: 1,509 people.
Mæland Rank 207 in Norway: 2,053 people.
Møller Rank 180 in Norway: 2,262 people.
Ness Rank 242 in Norway: 1,791 people. A farm name.
Nesse Rank 238 in Norway: 1,815 people.
Nikolaisen Rank 201 in Norway: 2,103 people.
Nilssen Rank 122 in Norway: 3,195 people.
Nilsson Rank 262 in Norway: 1,639 people.
Nordby Rank 166 in Norway: 2,429 people.
Nordbø Rank 264 in Norway: 1,633 people.
Nordli Rank 237 in Norway: 1,828 people.
Nordvik Rank 296 in Norway: 1,478 people.
Norheim Rank 244 in Norway: 1,781 people.
Normann Rank 289 in Norway: 1,509 people.
Nyborg Rank 292 in Norway: 1,502 people.
Nygaard Rank 119 in Norway: 3,253 people.
Olaussen Rank 257 in Norway: 1,671 people.
Omar Rank 222 in Norway: 1,937 people.
Opsahl Rank 297 in Norway: 1,474 people.
Osman Rank 274 in Norway: 1,577 people.
Ottesen Rank 203 in Norway: 2,097 people.
Petersen Rank 214 in Norway: 2,001 people. A -sen name: son of Peter.
Reitan Rank 254 in Norway: 1,694 people. A farm name. Derives from the plural form of reit (“farmstead”).
Riise Rank 258 in Norway: 1,666 people.
Ringstad Rank 299 in Norway: 1,460 people.
Rustad Rank 284 in Norway: 1,522 people.
Rød Rank 300 in Norway: 1,457 people.
Røed Rank 236 in Norway: 1,849 people.
Rønningen Rank 147 in Norway: 2,627 people.
Salvesen Rank 286 in Norway: 1,510 people. From Salve + -sen.
Samuelsen Rank 149 in Norway: 2,620 people.
Sand Rank 162 in Norway: 2,462 people.
Sandberg Rank 175 in Norway: 2,305 people.
Sande Rank 178 in Norway: 2,282 people.
Sandnes Rank 141 in Norway: 2,739 people.
Simensen Rank 256 in Norway: 1,677 people.
Singh Rank 204 in Norway: 2,075 people.
Skaar Rank 233 in Norway: 1,859 people.
Skaug Rank 266 in Norway: 1,625 people.
Skoglund Rank 200 in Norway: 2,109 people.
Sletten Rank 206 in Norway: 2,057 people.
Smith Rank 212 in Norway: 2,011 people.
Solbakken Rank 150 in Norway: 2,612 people.
Solem Rank 224 in Norway: 1,910 people.
Solhaug Rank 271 in Norway: 1,592 people.
Solli Rank 135 in Norway: 2,838 people.
Solvang Rank 154 in Norway: 2,566 people.
Stangeland Rank 294 in Norway: 1,492 people.
Østby Rank 227 in Norway: 1,896 people.
Steen Rank 129 in Norway: 3,093 people.
Stenberg Rank 246 in Norway: 1,750 people.
Stene Rank 192 in Norway: 2,148 people.
Stensrud Rank 219 in Norway: 1,953 people.
Stokke Rank 161 in Norway: 2,464 people.
Sund Rank 250 in Norway: 1,721 people.
Sunde Rank 103 in Norway: 3,639 people. A farm name. From the Norwegian surname named after several farmsteads, from Old Norse sund (“strait, sound”).
Sveen Rank 151 in Norway: 2,606 people.
Syversen Rank 176 in Norway: 2,304 people.
Syvertsen Rank 252 in Norway: 1,708 people.
Sætre Rank 127 in Norway: 3,108 people.
Sørlie Rank 177 in Norway: 2,286 people.
Teigen Rank 182 in Norway: 2,229 people.
Thoresen Rank 113 in Norway: 3,389 people.
Thorvaldsen Rank 295 in Norway: 1,488 people.
Tollefsen Rank 184 in Norway: 2,203 people.
Torgersen Rank 109 in Norway: 3,455 people.
Torp Rank 195 in Norway: 2,123 people.
Tran Rank 120 in Norway: 3,253 people.
Tvedt Rank 225 in Norway: 1,910 people.
Tønnessen Rank 213 in Norway: 2,005 people.
Vatne Rank 277 in Norway: 1,559 people.
Øverland Rank 281 in Norway: 1,548 people.
Viken Rank 187 in Norway: 2,185 people.
Vold Rank 231 in Norway: 1,866 people.
Waage Rank 261 in Norway: 1,640 people.
Wang Rank 157 in Norway: 2,518 people.
Wiik Rank 165 in Norway: 2,449 people.
Wilhelmsen Rank 125 in Norway: 3,149 people.
Wold Rank 118 in Norway: 3,274 people.

How this list was compiled

Names, ranks and counts: Statistics Norway (SSB), StatBank table 12891, 'Last names used by 200 persons or more' (https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/12891, figures for 2025, table updated 28 January 2026, read 2 October 2026). The table holds 3,706 last names, 3,620 of them with a count for 2025; this list is the 300 with the highest 2025 counts, and the rank is that order, counted by us; names with the same count are ranked A to Z. The table counts everyone registered as resident in Norway under each spelling, so spellings are ranked apart (Hansen and Hanssen) and names that came from other countries are counted like any other. Meanings: a card is marked as a -sen name, with the father's name, only where the name's Norwegian entry on English Wiktionary (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Norwegian_surnames, read the same day) calls it a patronymic; it is marked as a farm name where that entry files it under place names or calls it habitational or topographic, where English Wikipedia's 'Scandinavian family name etymology' (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology) lists it among surnames from farm names, or where the Norway table of English Wikipedia's 'List of most common surnames in European countries' notes it as one; the landscape word on the card is the one that source gives. For a few names with no Norwegian entry the line comes from the English entry that gives the Norwegian origin. Every other card carries the rank and count alone: nothing was guessed from a spelling, so a name ending in -sen is unmarked where no entry was found. The letters æ, ø and å are kept. Licence: Statistics Norway's figures are published under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/; https://www.ssb.no/en/diverse/lisens): source Statistics Norway, www.ssb.no; the ranking of the top 300 is our own. Meanings: English Wiktionary and English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).