Chinese Last Names

Five real Chinese last names per press in characters and pinyin; the 100 most common add rank and Cantonese spelling.

Chinese Last Names

  1. Gāo 高Rank 19 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Ko. Wade–Giles Kao. As a word: tall; high.
  2. Máo 毛Rank 86 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Mo.
  3. Jiǎ 贾Rank 64 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 賈. Cantonese Ka. Wade–Giles Chia.
  4. Zhào 赵Rank 8 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 趙. Cantonese Chiu. Wade–Giles Chao.
  5. Wáng 王Rank 1 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Wong. As a word: king; monarch.

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How it works

These Chinese last names are real: 503 family names in characters and pinyin. The 100 most common in mainland China carry their 2019 rank; the rest come from the Hundred Family Surnames, an old rhyming list.

Read the full guide

The most common Chinese last names

This Chinese last names list starts with the 100 most common and their ranks: Wáng 王, Lǐ 李, Zhāng 张, Liú 刘 and Chén 陈 lead the common last names in China. The tool opens on these popular Chinese last names; How common switches to the top 10, the most popular Chinese last names, or the old list's 403.

Cantonese last names and two characters

A top 100 card adds Hong Kong's spelling, so Cantonese last names (the Hong Kong last names) read as they do abroad: 陈 is Chén and, in Cantonese, Chan. For the 60 two-character names, such as Ouyang 欧阳, set How common to Any, then Characters under More filters.

Tips
  • Chinese last names and meanings: a card gives the character's meaning as a word, not the family name's.
  • Where a character has two readings on record, the pinyin is printed without a tone mark.

Questions and answers

What is the most common Chinese last name?

Wáng 王, with Lǐ 李 second, in the 2019 count this page follows: the table on Wikipedia that reports the yearly figures of China's Ministry of Public Security.

Is this a Chinese last names generator?

Yes. Each press deals five family names at random from the 503, and a filter narrows the draw to the top 10, the top 100, the old list or the two-character names.

Why do Chen, Chan and Tan look like different names?

They are one character, 陈, read in three Chinese languages: Chén in Mandarin, Chan in Cantonese and Tan in Hokkien. The card gives the Mandarin pinyin and the Hong Kong spelling.

What is the Hundred Family Surnames?

A classical rhyming text that lists Chinese family names, two-character names such as Ouyang among them. Its names are all on this page, and 99 of today's 100 most common surnames are in it.

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All 503 last names

The 100 most common in mainland China 100

  • Bái 白 Rank 70 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Pak. Wade–Giles Pai. As a word: white.
  • Cài 蔡 Rank 38 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Choi. Wade–Giles Ts'ai.
  • Cáo 曹 Rank 30 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Cho, Tso. Wade–Giles Ts'ao.
  • Chén 陈 Rank 5 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 陳. Cantonese Chan. As a word: to exhibit; to display.
  • Chéng 程 Rank 44 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Ching.
  • Cuī 崔 Rank 55 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Chui. Wade–Giles Ts'ui.
  • Dài 戴 Rank 95 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Tai. Wade–Giles Tai.
  • Dèng 邓 Rank 27 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 鄧. Cantonese Tang. Wade–Giles Teng. As a word: The name of an ancient kingdom.
  • Dīng 丁 Rank 48 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Ting. Wade–Giles Ting. As a word: the fourth of the ten heavenly stems.
Show all 503 last names (494 more)

The 100 most common in mainland China, continued

  • Dǒng 董 Rank 35 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Tung. Wade–Giles Tung.
  • Dù 杜 Rank 42 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese To. Wade–Giles Tu.
  • Duàn 段 Rank 79 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Tuen. Wade–Giles Tuan. As a word: section; piece; division.
  • Fàn 范 Rank 58 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Fan.
  • Fāng 方 Rank 67 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Fong. As a word: side; aspect; party.
  • Féng 冯 Rank 29 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 馮. Cantonese Fung. As a word: a place near modern Luoyang.
  • Fù 傅 Rank 66 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Fu, Foo.
  • Gāo 高 Rank 19 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Ko. Wade–Giles Kao. As a word: tall; high.
  • Gōng 龚 Rank 89 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 龔. Cantonese Kung. Wade–Giles Kung.
  • Gù 顾 Rank 88 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 顧. Cantonese Ku. Wade–Giles Ku. As a word: to turn around and look; to look back.
  • Guō 郭 Rank 16 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Kwok. Wade–Giles Kuo. As a word: outer city wall.
  • Hán 韩 Rank 28 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 韓. Cantonese Hon.
  • Hǎo 郝 Rank 87 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Kok.
  • Hé 何 Rank 17 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Ho.
  • Hè 贺 Rank 85 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 賀. Cantonese Ho. As a word: to congratulate.
  • Hóu 侯 Rank 74 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Hau. As a word: marquis; lord.
  • Hú 胡 Rank 15 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Wu.
  • Huáng 黄 Rank 7 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 黃. Cantonese Wong. As a word: yellow.
  • Jiǎ 贾 Rank 64 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 賈. Cantonese Ka. Wade–Giles Chia.
  • Jiāng 姜 Rank 54 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Keung. Wade–Giles Chiang.
  • Jiāng 江 Rank 75 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Kong. Wade–Giles Chiang. As a word: Yangtze River.
  • Jiǎng 蒋 Rank 39 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 蔣. Cantonese Tseung. Wade–Giles Chiang.
  • Jīn 金 Rank 62 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Kam. Wade–Giles Chin.
  • Kǒng 孔 Rank 99 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Hung. Wade–Giles K'ung. As a word: hole; aperture; opening.
  • Léi 雷 Rank 80 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Lui. As a word: thunder.
  • Lǐ 李 Rank 2 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Lee, Li. As a word: plum tree and fruit.
  • Lí 黎 Rank 82 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Lai.
  • Liáng 梁 Rank 22 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Leung.
  • Liào 廖 Rank 60 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Liu.
  • Lín 林 Rank 18 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Lam. As a word: forest; grove; woods.
  • Liú 刘 Rank 4 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 劉. Cantonese Lau.
  • Lóng 龙 Rank 81 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 龍. Cantonese Lung, Loong. Wade–Giles Lung.
  • Lú 卢 Rank 50 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 盧. Cantonese Lo.
  • Lǚ 吕 Rank 47 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 呂. Cantonese Lui.
  • Lù 陆 Rank 57 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 陸. Cantonese Luk. As a word: land; continent; mainland.
  • Luó 罗 Rank 20 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 羅. Cantonese Lo. Wade–Giles Lo. As a word: net for catching birds.
  • Mǎ 马 Rank 13 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 馬. Cantonese Ma.
  • Máo 毛 Rank 86 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Mo.
  • Mèng 孟 Rank 71 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Mang. As a word: eldest brother.
  • Mò 莫 Rank 98 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Mok.
  • Ōu 欧 Rank 97 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 歐. Cantonese Au.
  • Pān 潘 Rank 36 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Poon, Pun.
  • Péng 彭 Rank 31 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Pang.
  • Qián 钱 Rank 94 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 錢. Cantonese Chin. Wade–Giles Ch'ien. As a word: money; cash.
  • Qín 秦 Rank 72 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Chun. Wade–Giles Ch'in.
  • Qiū 邱 Rank 73 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Yau. Wade–Giles Ch'iu.
  • Rén 任 Rank 49 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Yam. Wade–Giles Jen. As a word: to carry on a shoulder pole; to carry.
  • Shào 邵 Rank 90 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Siu, Shiu. As a word: Name of various places in Ancient China.
  • Shěn 沈 Rank 52 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Shum, Sum, Sham.
  • Shǐ 史 Rank 83 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Sze. Wade–Giles Shih. As a word: history.
  • Shí 石 Rank 61 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Shek. Wade–Giles Shih.
  • Sòng 宋 Rank 24 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Sung. Wade–Giles Sung.
  • Sū 苏 Rank 46 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 蘇. Cantonese So.
  • Sūn 孙 Rank 12 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 孫. Cantonese Suen.
  • Tán / Qín 覃 Rank 92 in mainland China in 2019. Cantonese Tam. Wade–Giles T'an.
  • Tán 谭 Rank 56 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 譚. Cantonese Tam.
  • Táng 唐 Rank 25 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Tong.
  • Táo 陶 Rank 84 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese To, Tao. As a word: pottery; ceramics.
  • Tián 田 Rank 34 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Tin. Wade–Giles T'ien.
  • Wàn 万 Rank 91 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 萬. Cantonese Man.
  • Wāng 汪 Rank 59 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Wong.
  • Wáng 王 Rank 1 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Wong. As a word: king; monarch.
  • Wéi 韦 Rank 63 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 韋. Cantonese Wai.
  • Wèi 魏 Rank 45 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Ngai.
  • Wú 吴 Rank 9 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 吳. Cantonese Ng.
  • Wǔ 武 Rank 93 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Mo.
  • Xià 夏 Rank 65 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Ha. Wade–Giles Hsia.
  • Xiàng 向 Rank 100 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Heung. Wade–Giles Hsiang. As a word: to face.
  • Xiāo 萧 Rank 33 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 蕭. Cantonese Siu, Shiu. Wade–Giles Hsiao.
  • Xiè 谢 Rank 23 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 謝. Cantonese Tse. Wade–Giles Hsieh.
  • Xióng 熊 Rank 69 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Hung. Wade–Giles Hsiung.
  • Xú 徐 Rank 11 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Tsui. Wade–Giles Hsü. As a word: slowly; quietly; calmly.
  • Xǔ 许 Rank 26 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 許. Cantonese Hui. Wade–Giles Hsü. As a word: to allow; to permit.
  • Xuē 薛 Rank 77 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Sit. Wade–Giles Hsüeh.
  • Yán 严 Rank 96 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 嚴. Cantonese Yim. Wade–Giles Yen. As a word: strict; rigorous; rigid.
  • Yán 阎 Rank 78 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 閻. Cantonese Yim. Wade–Giles Yen. As a word: village gate.
  • Yáng 杨 Rank 6 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 楊. Cantonese Yeung. As a word: poplar; aspen; willow.
  • Yáo 姚 Rank 51 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Yiu. As a word: handsome.
  • Yè 叶 Rank 43 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 葉. Cantonese Yip. Wade–Giles Yeh.
  • Yǐn 尹 Rank 76 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Wan.
  • Yú 于 Rank 41 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Yue.
  • Yú 余 Rank 40 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Yu, Yue.
  • Yuán 袁 Rank 37 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Yuen.
  • Zēng 曾 Rank 32 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Tsang. Wade–Giles Tseng. As a word: already; ever; once; previously.
  • Zhāng 张 Rank 3 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 張. Cantonese Cheung. Wade–Giles Chang. As a word: to string a bow; to pull a bowstring taut.
  • Zhào 赵 Rank 8 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 趙. Cantonese Chiu. Wade–Giles Chao.
  • Zhèng 郑 Rank 21 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 鄭. Cantonese Cheng. Wade–Giles Cheng.
  • Zhōng 钟 Rank 53 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 鍾. Cantonese Chung. Wade–Giles Chung.
  • Zhōu 周 Rank 10 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Chow, Chau. Wade–Giles Chou. As a word: to circle; to encircle.
  • Zhū 朱 Rank 14 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Cantonese Chu. Wade–Giles Chu. As a word: cinnabar; vermilion.
  • Zōu 邹 Rank 68 in mainland China in 2019. In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 鄒. Cantonese Chau, Chow. Wade–Giles Tsou.

More names from the Hundred Family Surnames 403

  • Ài 爱 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 愛. As a word: to love.
  • Ài 艾 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Ān 安 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: calm; peaceful; tranquil; quiet.
  • Ao 敖 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Ba 巴 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Bǎi 柏 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: cypress.
  • Bǎilǐ 百里 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Bān 班 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: group; party; class.
  • Bāo 包 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to wrap up; to enwrap; to bundle up.
  • Bào 暴 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: sudden.
  • Bao 鲍 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 鮑.
  • Bèi 贝 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 貝. As a word: shellfish; cowrie.
  • Ben 贲 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 賁. As a word: to adorn oneself with jewelry.
  • Bì 毕 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 畢.
  • Biàn 卞 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Biān 边 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 邊. As a word: edge; side; margin; brim.
  • Bié 别 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 別.
  • Bǐng 邴 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: a city in the ancient state of Song.
  • Bó 伯 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Bo 薄 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: thin; flimsy.
  • Bǔ 卜 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to divine.
  • Bù 步 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to walk; to stroll.
  • Cang 苍 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 蒼. As a word: blue; green.
  • Cén 岑 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Chái 柴 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: firewood; brushwood.
  • Cháng 常 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: normal; general; common.
  • Chang 昌 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Chányú 单于 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 單于.
  • Cháo 巢 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: nest for bird, ants, bees, etc.
  • Cháo 晁 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Chē 车 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 車.
  • Chéng 成 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Chí 池 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: pool; pond.
  • Chōng 充 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to fill.
  • Chu 储 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 儲. As a word: to store; to reserve; to save money.
  • Chǔ 楚 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Chǔ 褚 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Chúnyú 淳于 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Cong 从 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 從.
  • Dá 笪 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Dǎng 党 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 黨. As a word: community; fellow community member.
  • Dí 狄 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Diāo 刁 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Diwu 第五 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: fifth.
  • Dōng 东 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 東. As a word: east.
  • Dōngfāng 东方 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 東方. As a word: east.
  • Dōngguō 东郭 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 東郭.
  • Dōngmén 东门 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 東門.
  • Dòu 窦 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 竇. As a word: hole; burrow.
  • Dǔ 堵 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Dū 督 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Dū 都 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: metropolis; large city.
  • Duàngān 段干 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Duānmù 端木 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • È 鄂 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Fa 法 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: law; rule; regulation; statute.
  • Fán 樊 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Fáng 房 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: house.
  • Fèi 费 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 費. As a word: to cost; to spend; to expend.
  • Fēng 丰 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 豐. As a word: luxuriant; lush.
  • Fèng 凤 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 鳳.
  • Fēng 封 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Fēng 酆 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Fu 伏 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to lie prostrate.
  • Fù 富 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: abundant; ample.
  • Fu 扶 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Fú 福 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: blessing; happiness; prosperity; good fortune.
  • Fú 符 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Gan 干 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to concern; to be implicated in; implication.
  • Gān 甘 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: sweet.
  • Gào 郜 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Gē 戈 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Gě 盖 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 蓋. As a word: to cover; to conceal.
  • Ge 葛 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: kudzu.
  • Gěng 耿 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Gōng 公 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: public; communal.
  • Gōng 宫 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 宮.
  • Gǒng 巩 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 鞏. As a word: to fasten using a leather band.
  • Gōng 弓 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Gòng 贡 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 貢. As a word: to pay tribute.
  • Gōngliáng 公良 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Gōngsūn 公孙 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 公孫.
  • Gōngxī 公西 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Gongyang 公羊 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: ram; buck.
  • Gōngyě 公冶 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Gou 勾 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to bend; to curve; to crook; to hook.
  • Gōu 缑 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 緱.
  • Gu 古 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: the past; ancient times.
  • Gǔ 谷 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: valley; gorge; ravine.
  • Guān 关 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 關. As a word: door bolt.
  • Guǎn 管 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Guang 广 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 廣. As a word: broad; wide; extensive; vast.
  • Guī 归 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 歸. As a word: to return; to come back to.
  • Guì 桂 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: osmanthus; sweet osmanthus.
  • Guliang 穀粱 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Shown in traditional characters, as the old list writes it.
  • Guó 国 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 國. As a word: country; nation; nation-state; kingdom.
  • Ha 哈 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Hǎi 海 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: sea; ocean.
  • Háng 杭 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • He 和 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: peaceful; harmonious.
  • Hèlián 赫连 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 赫連.
  • Héng 衡 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: cross yoke.
  • Hóng 弘 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to spread; to enlarge; to expand.
  • Hóng 洪 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: flood.
  • Hóng 红 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 紅. As a word: red.
  • Hòu 后 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Simplified characters also write 後, a second name of the old list, as 后.
  • Hù 扈 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Hua 华 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 華.
  • Huá 滑 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to slip; to slide.
  • Huā 花 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Huái 怀 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 懷.
  • Huàn 宦 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to hold public office.
  • Huán 桓 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Huángfǔ 皇甫 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Huì 惠 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: benefit; favor; advantage.
  • Huò 霍 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: quickly; suddenly.
  • Hūyán 呼延 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Jì 冀 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Jí 吉 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: auspicious; lucky.
  • Jī 姬 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Jì 季 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: youngest brother.
  • Jī 嵇 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Jì 暨 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Jí 汲 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to draw water from a well.
  • Jí 籍 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: record; register; list.
  • Ji 纪 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 紀. As a word: rule; discipline.
  • Ji 蓟 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 薊. As a word: thistle.
  • Jì 计 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 計. As a word: to calculate; to count.
  • Jia 家 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: home.
  • Jiá 郏 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 郟.
  • Jiagu 夹谷 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 夾谷.
  • Jiǎn 简 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 簡. As a word: bamboo slip.
  • Jiāo 焦 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: burned; scorched.
  • Jìn 晋 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 晉. As a word: to advance; to increase.
  • Jìn 靳 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Jǐng 井 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Jǐng 景 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Jing 经 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 經.
  • Jīng 荆 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 荊. As a word: chaste tree; redbud.
  • Ju 居 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to live; to dwell; to reside.
  • Ju 鞠 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Kàn 阚 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 闞.
  • Kàng 亢 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: high; arrogant; haughty.
  • Kāng 康 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: peaceful and happy; tranquil.
  • Kē 柯 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Kong 空 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: empty; hollow; void.
  • Kòu 寇 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Kuǎi 蒯 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: a kind of grass.
  • Kuàng 况 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 況. As a word: condition; situation.
  • Kuāng 匡 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Kuí 夔 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Kuí 隗 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Lài 赖 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 賴. As a word: to rely; to depend on.
  • Lán 蓝 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 藍. As a word: blue.
  • Lang 郎 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Láo 劳 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 勞. As a word: to toil; to do manual labor.
  • Lěng 冷 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: cold; cool.
  • Lì 利 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: benefit; advantage.
  • Lì 厉 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 厲. As a word: fierce; stern.
  • Li 郦 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 酈.
  • Lián 廉 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Lian 连 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 連.
  • Liángqiū 梁丘 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Lìn 蔺 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 藺.
  • Ling 凌 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: ice.
  • Linghu 令狐 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Liǔ 柳 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Long 隆 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: plentiful; abundant; magnificent.
  • Lóu 娄 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 婁.
  • Lù 禄 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 祿. As a word: blessing; happiness; prosperity.
  • Lù 路 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Lù 逯 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to walk carefully.
  • Lǔ 鲁 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 魯. As a word: excellent; bountiful; great.
  • Luán 栾 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 欒.
  • Luò 骆 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 駱.
  • Lǘqiū 闾丘 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 閭丘.
  • Má 麻 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: general name for hemp, flax, jute, etc.
  • Mǎn 满 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 滿. As a word: full; filled; packed.
  • Máo 茅 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Méi 梅 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Meng 蒙 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Mì 宓 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Mǐ 米 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Mí 糜 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Miào 缪 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 繆. As a word: ten bundles of hemp.
  • Miáo 苗 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Mǐn 闵 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 閔. As a word: to pity; to feel compassion for.
  • Míng 明 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: bright; light; brilliant.
  • Mò 墨 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: Chinese ink or ink in general.
  • Mòqí 万俟 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Móu 牟 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Mù 慕 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to admire; to adore.
  • Mù 牧 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to herd; to tend; to breed livestock.
  • Mù 穆 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Mùróng 慕容 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: A Xianbei tribe.
  • Na 那 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: that; those.
  • Nài 佴 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Nai 能 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Nángōng 南宫 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 南宮.
  • Nánmén 南门 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 南門.
  • Ni 倪 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Nián 年 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Niè 乜 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Niè 聂 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 聶. As a word: to whisper.
  • Ning 宁 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 寧. As a word: peaceful; tranquil; serene; at peace.
  • Niú 牛 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Niǔ 钮 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 鈕. As a word: button.
  • Nóng 农 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 農. As a word: to cultivate; to farm.
  • Ouyang 欧阳 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 歐陽.
  • Pang 庞 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 龐. As a word: huge; big.
  • Páng 逄 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Péi 裴 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Péng 蓬 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: type of raspberry.
  • Pí 皮 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Píng 平 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: level; even; flat.
  • Pǔ 浦 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: riverbank; shore.
  • Pú 濮 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Pú 蒲 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: cattail.
  • Púyáng 濮阳 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 濮陽.
  • Qī 戚 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Qí 祁 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Qí 齐 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 齊. As a word: even; uniform; of equal length.
  • Qiang 强 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 強. As a word: strong; powerful; energetic.
  • Qiao 乔 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 喬. As a word: tall; lofty.
  • Qiao 谯 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 譙.
  • Qīdiāo 漆雕 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Qíguān 亓官 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Qín 琴 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Qīn 钦 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 欽. As a word: to respect; to admire; to venerate.
  • Qiu 仇 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Qiū 秋 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: harvest season.
  • Qiú 裘 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: fur coat; fur garment.
  • Qū 屈 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to bend; to flex.
  • Qu 曲 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 麴.
  • Qú 璩 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Qu 瞿 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Quán 全 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Quán 权 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 權. As a word: power; authority.
  • Que 阙 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 闕.
  • Rǎn 冉 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Rǎngsì 壤驷 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 壤駟.
  • Ráo 饶 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 饒. As a word: abundant; plentiful.
  • Róng 容 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to hold; to contain.
  • Róng 戎 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Róng 荣 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 榮. As a word: glory; honor.
  • Róng 融 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Rǔ 汝 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Ru 茹 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to eat.
  • Ruǎn 阮 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Ruì 芮 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Sāng 桑 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: mulberry tree.
  • Sha 沙 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Shàn 单 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 單. As a word: single; individual; solitary.
  • Shān 山 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Shāng 商 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Shàng 尚 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: still; yet.
  • Shǎng 赏 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 賞.
  • Shangguan 上官 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: one's direct superior in office.
  • Sháo 韶 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Shé 佘 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Shè 厍 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 厙.
  • Shèn 慎 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: prudent; cautious; careful.
  • Shēn 申 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Shēn 莘 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: long.
  • Shèng 盛 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to put; to fill; to ladle into a container.
  • Shēntú 申屠 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Shī 师 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 師.
  • Shi 施 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Shí 时 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 時. As a word: season.
  • Shòu 寿 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 壽. As a word: old age; long life.
  • Shù 束 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to bind; to tie up.
  • Shū 殳 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Shū 舒 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to open up; to unfold; to stretch out; to relax.
  • Shuài 帅 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 帥.
  • Shuang 双 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 雙.
  • Shuǐ 水 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Sī 司 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to take charge of; to control; to manage.
  • Sīkōng 司空 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Sikou 司寇 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Sīmǎ 司马 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 司馬.
  • Sītú 司徒 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Sōng 松 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: pine tree.
  • Sù 宿 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to stay overnight; to lodge.
  • Suǒ 索 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Tái 邰 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Taishu 太叔 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Tán 谈 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 談. As a word: to converse; to chat; to discuss; to talk.
  • Tang 汤 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 湯.
  • Tántái 澹台 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 澹臺.
  • Téng 滕 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Tóng 佟 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Tóng 童 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: child.
  • Tong 通 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Tǒu 钭 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 鈄.
  • Tú 屠 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Tú 涂 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Tuòbá 拓跋 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Wèi 卫 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 衛. As a word: to guard; to protect; to defend.
  • Wei 危 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: dangerous.
  • Wèi 蔚 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Weisheng 微生 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Wen 文 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Wēn 温 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 溫.
  • Wén 闻 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 聞.
  • Weng 翁 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: elderly man.
  • Wenren 闻人 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 聞人. As a word: famous person; well-known figure.
  • Wò 沃 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: fertile; rich; lush.
  • Wu 乌 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 烏. As a word: crow; raven; rook.
  • Wǔ 伍 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: troop of five soldiers.
  • Wu 巫 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: shaman; witch; sorcerer; wizard.
  • Wú 毋 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Wū 邬 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 鄔. As a word: used in place names.
  • Wūmǎ 巫马 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 巫馬.
  • Xí 习 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 習.
  • Xi 奚 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Xí 席 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: woven mat.
  • Xī 郗 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Xì 郤 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Xiàhóu 夏侯 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Xián 咸 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Xiang 相 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Xiàng 项 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 項. As a word: nape of neck.
  • Xiānyú 鲜于 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 鮮于.
  • Xiè 解 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to loosen; to unfasten; to untie.
  • Ximen 西门 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 西門.
  • Xīn 辛 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: spicy; hot; pungent.
  • Xìng 幸 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: by fluke; lucky.
  • Xíng 邢 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Xū 胥 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Xū 须 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 須. As a word: must; have to; should.
  • Xuān 宣 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Xuānyuán 轩辕 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 軒轅.
  • Xún 荀 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Yàn 晏 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: late; near the end of a period of time.
  • Yan 燕 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: swallow or swift.
  • Yán 言 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to say; to speak; to talk.
  • Yān 鄢 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: name of a district in Henan.
  • Yán 闫 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 閆.
  • Yán 颜 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 顏.
  • Yǎng 仰 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to raise the head to look.
  • Yǎng 养 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 養. As a word: to raise; to rear.
  • Yáng 羊 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Yáng 阳 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 陽.
  • Yángshé 羊舌 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Yī 伊 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Yì 易 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Yì 益 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Yì 羿 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Yìn 印 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: stamp; seal.
  • Yin 殷 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Yīn 阴 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 陰. As a word: cloudy; overcast; gloomy.
  • Ying 应 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 應. As a word: should; ought to.
  • Yōng 雍 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Yóu 尤 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: fault; flaw.
  • You 有 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Yóu 游 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to swim.
  • Yu 俞 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Yu 喻 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Yǔ 庾 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Yu 於 In the Hundred Family Surnames. A different name from 于, and still written 於 in simplified characters.
  • Yǔ 禹 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Yú 虞 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Yù 郁 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Simplified characters also write 鬱, a second name of the old list, as 郁.
  • Yú 鱼 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 魚.
  • Yuán 元 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: first; initial; primary; beginning.
  • Yùchí 尉迟 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 尉遲.
  • Yuè 乐 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 樂. As a word: music; tune; melody; song.
  • Yuè 岳 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Yue 越 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to pass over; to cross; to cross over.
  • Yuèzhèng 乐正 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 樂正.
  • Yún 云 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 雲.
  • Yǔwén 宇文 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Zǎi 宰 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Zǎifù 宰父 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Zǎn 昝 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Zang 臧 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Zhā 查 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Zhái 翟 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Zhàn 湛 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: profound.
  • Zhān 詹 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: verbose; garrulous.
  • Zhǎng 仉 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Zhāng 章 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: chapter; section.
  • Zhǎngsūn 长孙 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 長孫. As a word: eldest son's eldest son.
  • Zhēn 甄 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to make pottery.
  • Zhī 支 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to support; to bear; to sustain.
  • Zhòng 仲 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Zhōng 终 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 終.
  • Zhōnglí 钟离 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 鐘離.
  • Zhòngsūn 仲孙 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 仲孫.
  • Zhù 祝 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: to offer good wishes.
  • Zhú 竺 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Zhū 诸 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 諸.
  • Zhuāng 庄 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 莊.
  • Zhuānsūn 颛孙 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 顓孫.
  • Zhuge 诸葛 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 諸葛.
  • Zhuo 卓 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: tall and erect.
  • Zi 訾 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Zǐjū 子车 In the Hundred Family Surnames. Traditional 子車.
  • Zōng 宗 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: ancestral temple.
  • Zōngzhèng 宗政 In the Hundred Family Surnames.
  • Zǔ 祖 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: ancestor; forebear; forefather.
  • Zuǒ 左 In the Hundred Family Surnames. As a word: left.
  • Zuǒqiū 左丘 In the Hundred Family Surnames.

How this list was compiled: Built on 2 October 2026 from two lists. (1) The 100 most common surnames of mainland China in 2019, from the table in English Wikipedia's 'List of common Chinese surnames' (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_Chinese_surnames), which reports the yearly count of China's Ministry of Public Security: the card gives the rank, the simplified and traditional character, the pinyin with its tone, the Hong Kong Government Cantonese spelling and the Wade–Giles spelling where it differs. (2) The other names of the 'Hundred Family Surnames', a classical rhyming text of family names, as listed in the English Wikipedia article of that name (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Family_Surnames, 504 names, 60 of them two characters long): 99 of them are among today's 100, and the other 405 stand on 403 cards, because simplified characters write two pairs the text keeps apart (郁 and 鬱, 后 and 後) with one character each; each of those two cards says so. For these names the simplified character and the tone are taken from the character's entry in English Wiktionary; where that entry records more than one reading for the spelling the list gives, the pinyin is printed without a tone mark (82 names). One name, 穀粱, is shown as the list writes it. 'As a word' is the first definition in the character's Wiktionary entry, printed only where it could be read plainly (213 cards): it says what the character means as an ordinary word, not what the family name means or where a family comes from. Senses that name a drink and unkind or grim senses were left off, and two spellings were put into American English. Both groups print in A to Z order. Spellings used in Taiwan and Singapore are not on the cards. Licence: Drawn from English Wikipedia and English Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The Hundred Family Surnames is a text about a thousand years old and in the public domain.